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2021 Vol.51, Issue 3 Preview Page

Review Article

Immune Responses to Varicella Zoster Virus and Effective Vaccines
Su Jeen Lee12
Hun Kim2
Kee-Jong Hong3
Jae-Hwan Nam1*
1Department of Medical and Biological Sciences, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon 14662, Republic of Korea
2Department of R&D, SK bioscience, Pangyo-ro 332, Bundang-gu 13494, Republic of Korea
3UIC Foundation, Konkuk University, Neungdong-ro 120, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
*jhnam@catholic.ac.kr
September 2021. pp. 103-111
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Abstract

Varicella zoster virus (VZV) causes two distinct diseases, varicella (chickenpox) during primary infection, and herpes zoster (shingles) resulting from reactivation. The purpose of this review is to summarize the present understanding of VZV and the associated immune response, as well as to discuss available vaccines. VZV infection induces both innate and adaptive immune responses, especially an antigen-specific adaptive immune response, which activates humoral immunity and cell-mediated immunity (CMI). Reactivation of VZV can occur when the CMI of latent VZV is reduced, leading to herpes zoster. After VZV infection, natural killer (NK) cells modulate antigen presentation and the production of IFN-γ, an important activator of macrophages. IFN-γ is produced by NK cells and CD4 Th1/CD8 cytotoxic T lymphocytes. The T cell-mediated immune response is an important factor influencing VZV reactivation and herpes zoster, with herpes zoster being associated with reduced levels of VZV-specific T cells. Since the VZV-specific T cell population gradually declines with age, herpes zoster particularly affects the elderly. There are two types of zoster vaccines: live-attenuated and recombinant subunit. However, recombinant vaccines generally have poor immunogenicity when administered alone and require an adjuvant. Therefore, effective adjuvants are needed that especially promote cell-mediated immune responses. Various adjuvants have been developed, many of which enhance T cell immunity more than antibody-based humoral immunity. The information presented in this review may serve as a reference for future VZV immunology studies.

Keywords
Cell-mediated immunity
Herpes zoster
Humoral immunity
Varicella zoster virus
Adjuvants
VZV vaccine
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Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society for Microbiology
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한미생물학회
  • Journal Title :JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
  • Volume : 51
  • No :3
  • Pages :103-111
  • Received Date :2021. 08. 23
  • Revised Date :2021. 09. 17
  • Accepted Date : 2021. 09. 23
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2021.51.3.103
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