• Review Article

    Therapeutic Insights on Iclaprim: A Review of Mechanism, Efficacy and Safety in Treatment
    Shohana Ferdoush, Mohammad Saydur Rahman, Jannatul Mawa Mim, Safaet Jamil Sifat, Md. Robin Mia, Md. Ashrarul Hasib, Abdullah Al Mamun, Bitop Halder, Young-Sang Koh
    The ongoing problem of antibiotic resistance is widely recognized as a contributing factor to the decline in community health. Several novel dihydrofolate … + READ MORE
    The ongoing problem of antibiotic resistance is widely recognized as a contributing factor to the decline in community health. Several novel dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) inhibitors have recently advanced into clinical development because of their potent anticancer and antibacterial activities. To combat bacterial infections, DHFR inhibitors such as trimethoprim are often used in combination with sulfonamide. Iclaprim is an inhibitor of bacterial DHFR, interferes with thymidine synthesis and is primarily metabolized by the enzymes CYP3A4 and CYP2C19. This review aimed to investigate the pharmacological progression of its efficacy, tolerability, microbiology, and in vitro susceptibility in the treatment of serious skin infections and nosocomial pneumonia. Related articles were searched from 1995 to 2023 using specific keywords in PubMed and Google Scholar, with articles excluded based on some criteria such as including antibiotics, iclaprim etc and excluding duplicate articles, editorials, commentaries, letters to the editor etc. The discussion presents the pharmacological studies based on experimental findings and provides an overview of three phases of clinical trial. However, several crucial parameters still require further research and development. In addition, selected in vitro results are presented. Clinical trials investigating hospital-associated iclaprim for pneumonia are currently underway. Currently, iclaprim, an antimicrobial agent against Gram-positive organisms, has shown potential in the treatment of skin infections. However, further studies are needed to clarify its potential role in clinical practice. - COLLAPSE
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    10 August 2026

  • Review Article

    Molecular insights into Hepatitis C virus: Evolution, Pathogenesis, and Antiviral Therapies
    Garima Singh, Madhavi Singh, Ananya Singh, Neelam Yadav, Sarika Yadav, Lata Israni Shukla, Dinesh Kumar Yadav
    Globally, an estimated 50 million individuals are chronically infected with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), with approximately one million new infections occurring … + READ MORE
    Globally, an estimated 50 million individuals are chronically infected with the Hepatitis C virus (HCV), with approximately one million new infections occurring annually. According to the 2024 WHO report, 242,000 deaths from HCV-related liver diseases, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), were recorded in 2022. The virus demonstrates striking geographic heterogeneity in prevalence and possesses a complex and intriguing phylogenetic history. In line with the global hepatitis eradication strategy, the WHO has set ambitious targets of reducing new HCV infections by 90% and HCV-related mortality by 65% by 2030. Direct-acting antiviral (DAA) therapies, which target critical viral proteins and host-pathogen interactions, have revolutionized treatment by achieving sustained virologic response (SVR) rates exceeding 95%. Nevertheless, resistance-associated substitutions (RASs) and high cost of therapy remain significant barriers to universal access, particularly in low– and middle-income countries. These limitations underscore the urgent need for effective prophylactic vaccines that provide broad immunoprotection across the diverse HCV genotypes. This multidimensional review synthesizes current knowledge on the molecular and phylogenetic evolution of HCV, highlighting genotype-specific features that contribute to viral persistence and pathogenesis. Furthermore, it examines therapeutic advances, challenges in antiviral defense, and emerging candidate molecules for vaccine development. By integrating molecular insights with an evolutionary perspective, this review aims to provide a comprehensive framework for understanding HCV biology and suggesting future strategies towards global eradication. - COLLAPSE
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    10 August 2026

  • Review Article

    The Neutrophil Paradox in Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection
    Jin Kyung Kim, Sang Min Jeon, Asmita Sapkota, Young Jae Kim, Eun-Kyeong Jo
    Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is emerging as a global health threat and is challenging to treat because of its intrinsic resistance … + READ MORE
    Nontuberculous mycobacterial pulmonary disease (NTM-PD) is emerging as a global health threat and is challenging to treat because of its intrinsic resistance to multiple antibiotics. Neutrophils are the most abundant myeloid cells and serve as the principal cell type in the host’s innate immune response during infection. To date, neutrophil functions in NTM-PD have not been as extensively studied as those in tuberculosis. However, accumulating evidence suggests that neutrophils play a dual role: providing critical antimicrobial host defense, particularly during the early phase, while simultaneously contributing to pathological damage that promotes tissue destruction and structural abnormalities, such as bronchiectasis. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the paradoxical role of neutrophils in controlling innate immune defense and immunopathology during NTM infection. Further, we focused on the mechanism by which neutrophil extracellular traps serve as critical drivers of NTM pathogenesis. Furthermore, we examined the neutrophil profiles across various clinical stages in patients with NTM-PD, although the underlying mechanisms and clinical implications of these profiles remain to be fully elucidated. A deeper understanding of the precise mechanisms required to maintain the immunological balance between effective host immune defense and the prevention of pathological damage will pave the way for innovative therapeutic approaches to control NTM infections. - COLLAPSE
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    10 August 2026

  • Original Article

    Occurrence and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles of Bacterial Isolates from Sediments of the Calajunan Sanitary Landfill, Iloilo, Philippines
    Ted Rudi Aurelio, Angel Joy Falco, John Kelly Padernilla, Stephen Sabinay, Peter Palma, Rolando Pakingking Jr.
    Landfill ecosystems are increasingly recognized as environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), yet information from the Philippines remains limited. This study characterized … + READ MORE
    Landfill ecosystems are increasingly recognized as environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), yet information from the Philippines remains limited. This study characterized the physicochemical properties of landfill sediments and examined their relationships with the cultivable bacterial community and antimicrobial resistance in the Calajunan Sanitary Landfill, Iloilo City, Philippines. Sediment samples were collected from five functional zones representing organic, medical, mixed-waste, and leachate-impacted areas. Significant spatial variation (p < 0.05) was observed in sediment pH, organic carbon, nutrient content, and moisture. Total heterotrophic plate counts ranged from 7.05 to 7.89 log10 CFU/g, with the highest counts recorded in the organic-rich station. A total of 489 bacterial isolates were recovered and identified by biochemical characterization and 16S rRNA gene sequencing (99.63–100% sequence similarity). The cultivable bacterial community was dominated by Bacillus spp., together with opportunistic Gram-negative genera including Aeromonas, Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Morganella, Proteus, Providencia, and Pseudomonas. Spearman's correlation analysis identified organic carbon, total nitrogen, pH, and calcium as the sediment properties most closely associated with bacterial distribution. Following exclusion of intrinsic resistance according to current EUCAST recommendations, acquired resistance was most frequent against β-lactams, macrolides, aminoglycosides, nitrofurans, and tetracyclines. MAR indices ranged from 0.1 to 0.8, with most bacterial taxa exhibiting values ≥0.2 and several species exhibiting values ≥0.4. This study provides the first baseline characterization of cultivable landfill bacterial communities in Western Visayas and demonstrates that landfill sediments are important environmental reservoirs of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria, supporting their inclusion in One Health-based AMR surveillance. - COLLAPSE
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    10 August 2026

  • Original Article

    Houttuynia cordata Extract Inhibits Coxsackievirus B3 Replication through Attenuation of Pyroptosis
    Hong-Gi Kim, Soo-Hyeon Yun, Byung-Kwan Lim
    Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major pathogen causing viral myocarditis, and pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, is emerging as … + READ MORE
    Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) is a major pathogen causing viral myocarditis, and pyroptosis, an inflammatory form of programmed cell death, is emerging as a key mechanism in its pathogenesis. Although Houttuynia cordata (H. cordata) possesses various pharmacological properties, its direct antiviral effects against CVB3 and the mechanisms regulating CVB3-mediated pyroptosis have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study was conducted with the goal of confirming the antiviral effects of H. cordata extract using a CVB3 infection model. In CVB3 infection, treatment with H. cordata extract strongly inhibited viral replication by suppressing the synthesis of both positive-strand (viral genome) and negative-strand (replication intermediate) viral RNA. Consistent with these transcriptional inhibitory effects, Western blot analysis confirmed a dose-dependent significant decrease in the expression of VP1, a major viral capsid protein. Furthermore, the extract effectively preserved host protein synthesis mechanisms by inhibiting virus-induced eIF4G1 cleavage and blocking damage caused by potently inhibiting PARP cleavage. The H. cordata extract demonstrated potent cytoprotective effects by comprehensively blocking the CVB3-induced pyroptosis pathway. Additionally, the extract prevented the formation of membrane-terminal pores and inhibited the extracellular release of HMGB1 by inhibiting caspase-1 activation and gasdermin D (GSDMD) cleavage. By demonstrating the successful control of CVB3-induced pyroptosis, this study provides strong scientific grounds for the development of safe, natural product-derived therapeutics for CVB3 myocarditis and related severe inflammatory diseases. - COLLAPSE
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    10 August 2026
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