Review Article
Chhabra S, Taksande AB, Munjewar P. The Penicillin pioneer: Alexander Fleming's journey to a medical breakthrough. Cureus. 2024;16(7):e65179.
10.7759/cureus.65179Weledji EP, Weledji EK, Assob JC, Nsagha DS. Pros, cons and future of antibiotics. New Horizons Transl Med. 2017;4(1-4):9-14.
10.1016/j.nhtm.2017.08.001Munita JM, Arias CA. Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance. Microbiol Spectr. 2016;4(2).
10.1128/microbiolspec.VMBF-0016-201527227291PMC4888801World Health Organization (WHO). Antimicrobial resistance. 2023. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance [accessed on 5 February 2025].
Zalewska-Piątek B. Phage therapy-challenges, opportunities and future prospects. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2023;16(12):1638.
10.3390/ph1612163838139765PMC10747886Housby JN, Mann NH. Phage therapy. Drug Discov Today. 2009;14(11-12):536-540.
10.1016/j.drudis.2009.03.00619508915Liu C, Hong Q, Chang RYK, Kwok PCL, Chan HK. Phage-antibiotic therapy as a promising strategy to combat multidrug-resistant infections and to enhance antimicrobial efficiency. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(5):570.
10.3390/antibiotics1105057035625214PMC9137994Comeau AM, Tétart F, Trojet SN, Prère MF, Krisch HM. Phage-Antibiotic Synergy (PAS): beta-lactam and quinolone antibiotics stimulate virulent phage growth. PLoS One. 2007;2(8):e799.
10.1371/journal.pone.000079917726529PMC1949050Torres-Barceló C, Arias-Sánchez FI, Vasse M, Ramsayer J, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME. A window of opportunity to control the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa combining antibiotics and phages. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106628.
10.1371/journal.pone.010662825259735PMC4178015Diallo K, Dublanchet A. Benefits of Combined Phage-Antibiotic Therapy for the control of antibiotic-resistant bacteria: A literature review. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(7):839.
10.3390/antibiotics1107083935884092PMC9311689Kim M, Jo Y, Hwang YJ, Hong HW, Hong SS, Park K, Myung H. Phage-antibiotic synergy via delayed lysis. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2018;84(22):e02085-18.
10.1128/AEM.02085-1830217844PMC6210123Łusiak-Szelachowska M, Weber-Dąbrowska B, Górski A. Bacteriophages and lysins in biofilm control. Virol Sin. 2020;35(2):125-133.
10.1007/s12250-019-00192-332125643PMC7198674Li X, He Y, Wang Z, Wei J, Hu T, Si J, et al. A combination therapy of phages and antibiotics: Two is better than one. Int J Biol Sci. 2021;17(13):3573-3582.
10.7150/ijbs.6055134512166PMC8416725Engeman E, Freyberger HR, Corey BW, Ward AM, He Y, Nikolich MP, et al. Synergistic killing and re-sensitization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to antibiotics by phage-antibiotic combination treatment. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2021;14(3):184.
10.3390/ph1403018433668899PMC7996583Bulssico J, PapukashvilI I, Espinosa L, Gandon S, Ansaldi M. Phage-antibiotic synergy: Cell filamentation is a key driver of successful phage predation. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19(9):e1011602.
10.1371/journal.ppat.101160237703280PMC10519598Mangalea MR, Duerkop BA. Fitness trade-offs resulting from bacteriophage resistance potentiate synergistic antibacterial strategies. Infect Immun. 2020;88(7):e00926-19.
10.1128/IAI.00926-1932094257PMC7309606Chegini Z, Khoshbayan A, Taati Moghadam M, Farahani I, Jazireian P, Shariati A. Bacteriophage therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms: a review. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2020;19(1):45.
10.1186/s12941-020-00389-532998720PMC7528332Torres-Barceló C, Arias-Sánchez FI, Vasse M, Ramsayer J, Kaltz O, Hochberg ME. A window of opportunity to control the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa combining antibiotics and phages. PLoS One. 2014;9(9):e106628.
10.1371/journal.pone.010662825259735PMC4178015Blasco L, Ambroa A, Lopez M, Fernandez-Garcia L, Bleriot I, Trastoy R, et al. Combined Use of the Ab105-2φΔCI Lytic Mutant Phage and Different Antibiotics in clinical isolates of multi-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Microorganisms. 2019;7(11):556.
10.3390/microorganisms711055631726694PMC6921023Choi YJ, Kim S, Shin M, Kim J. Synergistic Antimicrobial Effects of Phage vB_AbaSi_W9 and Antibiotics against Acinetobacter baumannii Infection. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(7):680.
10.3390/antibiotics1307068039061362PMC11273692Gordillo Altamirano FL, Kostoulias X, Subedi D, Korneev D, Peleg AY, Barr JJ. Phage-antibiotic combination is a superior treatment against Acinetobacter baumannii in a preclinical study. EBioMedicine. 2022;80:104045.
10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.10404535537278PMC9097682Grygorcewicz B, Roszak M, Rakoczy R, Augustyniak A, Konopacki M, Jabłońska J, et al. PhageScore-based analysis of Acinetobacter baumannii infecting phages antibiotic interaction in liquid medium. Arch Microbiol. 2022;204(7):421.
10.1007/s00203-022-03020-735748948Luo J, Liu M, Ai W, Zheng X, Liu S, Huang K, et al. Synergy of lytic phage pB23 and meropenem combination against carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024;68(6):e0044824.
10.1128/aac.00448-2438742904PMC11620502Luo J, Xie L, Liu M, Li Q, Wang P, Luo C. Bactericidal synergism between phage YC#06 and antibiotics: a combination strategy to target multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin vitro and in vivo. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(4):e0009622.
10.1128/spectrum.00096-2235736241PMC9430793Luo J, Xie L, Yang M, Liu M, Li Q, Wang P, et al. Synergistic antibacterial effect of phage pB3074 in combination with antibiotics targeting cell wall against multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumanniiin vitro and ex vivo. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(4):e0034123.
10.1128/spectrum.00341-2337260382PMC10434185Mukhopadhyay S, Zhang P, To KKW, Liu Y, Bai C, Leung SSY. Sequential treatment effects on phage-antibiotic synergistic application against multi-drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2023;62(5):106951.
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2023.10695137574030Rastegar S, Sabouri S, Tadjrobehkar O, Samareh A, Niaz H, Sanjari N, et al. Characterization of bacteriophage vB_AbaS_SA1 and its synergistic effects with antibiotics against clinical multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Pathog Dis. 2024;82:ftae028.
10.1093/femspd/ftae02839435653PMC11536755Styles KM, Thummeepak R, Leungtongkam U, Smith SE, Christie GS, Millard A, et al. Investigating bacteriophages targeting the opportunistic pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(4):200.
10.3390/antibiotics904020032331271PMC7235909Vashisth M, Yashveer S, Jaglan AB, Virmani N, Bera BC, Vaid RK, Anand T. Synergy of a virulent phage (φAB182) with antibiotics leading to successful elimination of biofilms formed by MDR Acinetobacter baumannii. Can J Microbiol. 2022;68(12):731-746.
10.1139/cjm-2022-008036174234Wang WX, Wu JZ, Zhang BL, Yu JY, Han LM, Lu XL, et al. Phage therapy combats pan drug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infection safely and efficiently. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2024;64(2):107220.
10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2024.10722038810939Kim B, Kim S, Choi Y-J, Shin M, Kim J. Phage-antibiotic combinatorial treatment in vitro and in vivo for the synergistic antimicrobial effect on carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Authors' unpublished data.
Pacios O, Fernández-García L, Bleriot I, Blasco L, González-Bardanca M, López M, et al. Enhanced antibacterial activity of repurposed mitomycin C and imipenem in combination with the lytic phage vB_KpnM-VAC13 against clinical isolates of Klebsiella pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2021;65(9):e0090021.
10.1128/AAC.00900-2134228538PMC8370222Pacios O, Herrera-Espejo S, Armán L, Ibarguren-Quiles C, Blasco L, Bleriot I, et al. Mitomycin C as an anti-persister strategy against Klebsiella pneumoniae: Toxicity and synergy studies. Antibiotics (Basel). 2024;13(9):815.
10.3390/antibiotics1309081539334989PMC11428439Qin K, Shi X, Yang K, Xu Q, Wang F, Chen S, et al. Phage-antibiotic synergy suppresses resistance emergence of Klebsiella pneumoniae by altering the evolutionary fitness. mBio. 2024;15(10):e0139324.
10.1128/mbio.01393-2439248568PMC11481518Wang Q, Chen R, Liu H, Liu Y, Li J, Wang Y, et al. Isolation and characterization of lytic bacteriophage vB_KpnP_23: A promising antimicrobial candidate against carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. Virus Res. 2024;350:199473.
10.1016/j.virusres.2024.19947339332682PMC11474366Zhao M, Li H, Gan D, Wang M, Deng H, Yang QE. Antibacterial effect of phage cocktails and phage-antibiotic synergy against pathogenic Klebsiella pneumoniae. mSystems. 2024;9(9):e0060724.
10.1128/msystems.00607-2439166877PMC11406915Zhao Y, Feng L, Zhou B, Zhang X, Yao Z, Wang L, et al. A newly isolated bacteriophage vB8388 and its synergistic effect with aminoglycosides against multi-drug resistant Klebsiella oxytoca strain FK-8388. Microb Pathog. 2023;174:105906.
10.1016/j.micpath.2022.10590636494020Miller IP, Laney AG, Zahn G, Sheehan BJ, Whitley KV, Kuddus RH. Isolation and preliminary characterization of a novel bacteriophage vB_KquU_φKuK6 that infects the multidrug-resistant pathogen Klebsiella quasipneumoniae. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1472729.
10.3389/fmicb.2024.147272939479209PMC11524547Al-Anany AM, Fatima R, Hynes AP. Temperate phage-antibiotic synergy eradicates bacteria through depletion of lysogens. Cell Rep. 2021;35(8):109172.
10.1016/j.celrep.2021.10917234038739Al-Anany AM, Fatima R, Nair G, Mayol JT, Hynes AP. Temperate phage-antibiotic synergy across antibiotic classes reveals new mechanism for preventing lysogeny. mBio. 2024;15(6):e0050424.
10.1128/mbio.00504-2438757974PMC11237771Bulssico J, PapukashvilI I, Espinosa L, Gandon S, Ansaldi M. Phage-antibiotic synergy: Cell filamentation is a key driver of successful phage predation. PLoS Pathog. 2023;19(9):e1011602.
10.1371/journal.ppat.101160237703280PMC10519598Gu Liu C, Green SI, Min L, Clark JR, Salazar KC, Terwilliger AL, et al. Phage-antibiotic synergy is driven by a unique combination of antibacterial mechanism of action and stoichiometry. mBio. 2020;11(4):e01462-20.
10.1128/mBio.01462-2032753497PMC7407087Khunti P, Chantakorn K, Tantibhadrasapa A, Htoo HH, Thiennimitr P, Nonejuie P, et al. A novel coli myophage and antibiotics synergistically inhibit the growth of the uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 in stoichiometric niches. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(5):e0088923.
10.1128/spectrum.00889-2337732769PMC10580823Kim J, Hur JI, Ryu S, Jeon B. Bacteriophage-mediated modulation of bacterial competition during selective enrichment of Campylobacter. Microbiol Spectr. 2021;9(3):e0170321.
10.1128/Spectrum.01703-2134908437PMC8672905Malik S, Nehra K, Rana JS. Bacteriophage cocktail and phage antibiotic synergism as promising alternatives to conventional antibiotics for the control of multi-drug-resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli. Virus Res. 2021;302:198496.
10.1016/j.virusres.2021.19849634182014Malik S, Nehra K, Mann A, Jagdish R, Rana JS. Characterization and synergy studies of CaudoviriceteEscherichia phage FS2B infecting multi-drug resistant uropathogenic Escherichia coli isolates. Int Microbiol. 2024;27(1):155-166.
10.1007/s10123-023-00381-x37247084Shamsuzzamn M, Kim S, Kim J. Therapeutic potential of novel phages with antibiotic combinations against ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli. J Glob Antimicrob Resist. 2025;43:86-97.
10.1016/j.jgar.2025.04.00540268052Moradpour Z, Yousefi N, Sadeghi D, Ghasemian A. Synergistic bactericidal activity of a naturally isolated phage and ampicillin against urinary tract infecting Escherichia coli O157. Iran J Basic Med Sci. 2020;23(2):257-263.
Ryan EM, Alkawareek MY, Donnelly RF, Gilmore BF. Synergistic phage-antibiotic combinations for the control of Escherichia coli biofilms in vitro. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2012;65(2):395-398.
10.1111/j.1574-695X.2012.00977.x22524448Scanlan PD, Bischofberger AM, Hall AR. Modification of Escherichia coli-bacteriophage interactions by surfactants and antibiotics in vitro. FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2017;93(1):fiw211.
10.1093/femsec/fiw21127737900PMC5091284Akturk E, Melo LDR, Oliveira H, Crabbé A, Coenye T, Azeredo J. Combining phages and antibiotic to enhance antibiofilm efficacy against an in vitro dual species wound biofilm. Biofilm. 2023;6:100147.
10.1016/j.bioflm.2023.10014737662851PMC10474582Jo A, Ding T, Ahn J. Synergistic antimicrobial activity of bacteriophages and antibiotics against Staphylococcus aureus. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2016;25(3):935-940.
10.1007/s10068-016-0153-030263357PMC6049171Jo A, Kim J, Ding T, Ahn J. Role of phage-antibiotic combination in reducing antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus. Food Sci Biotechnol. 2016;25(4):1211-1215.
10.1007/s10068-016-0192-630263396PMC6049123Kebriaei R, Lev KL, Shah RM, Stamper KC, Holger DJ, Morrisette T, et al. Eradication of biofilm-mediated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in vitro: Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination. Microbiol Spectr. 2022;10(2):e0041122.
10.1128/spectrum.00411-2235348366PMC9045164Kebriaei R, Lev K, Morrisette T, Stamper KC, Abdul-Mutakabbir JC, Lehman SM, et al. Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination strategy: an alternative against methicillin-resistant phenotypes of Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(7):e00461-20.
10.1128/AAC.00461-2032393490PMC7318012Kumaran D, Taha M, Yi Q, Ramirez-Arcos S, Diallo JS, Carli A, Abdelbary H. Does treatment order matter? Investigating the ability of bacteriophage to augment antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Front Microbiol. 2018;9:127.
10.3389/fmicb.2018.0012729459853PMC5807357Kunz Coyne AJ, Bleick C, Stamper K, Kebriaei R, Bayer AS, Lehman SM, et al. Phage-antibiotic synergy against daptomycin-nonsusceptible MRSA in an ex vivo simulated endocardial pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2024;68(4):e0138823.
10.1128/aac.01388-2338376187PMC10989002Kunz Coyne AJ, Eshaya M, Bleick C, Vader S, Biswas B, Wilson M, et al. Exploring synergistic and antagonistic interactions in phage-antibiotic combinations against ESKAPE pathogens. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(10):e0042724.
10.1128/spectrum.00427-2439082827PMC11468199Kunz Coyne AJ, Stamper K, Bleick C, Kebriaei R, Lehman SM, Rybak MJ. Synergistic bactericidal effects of phage-enhanced antibiotic therapy against MRSA biofilms. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(4):e0321223.
10.1128/spectrum.03212-2338411110PMC10986480Leclerc QJ, Lindsay JA, Knight GM. Modelling the synergistic effect of bacteriophage and antibiotics on bacteria: killers and drivers of resistance evolution. PLoS Comput Biol. 2022;18(11):e1010746.
10.1371/journal.pcbi.101074636449520PMC9744316Liu S, Zhao Y, Hayes A, Hon K, Zhang G, Bennett C, et al. Overcoming bacteriophage insensitivity in Staphylococcus aureus using clindamycin and azithromycin at subinhibitory concentrations. Allergy. 2021;76(11):3446-3458.
10.1111/all.1488333930199Li X, Hu T, Wei J, He Y, Abdalla AE, Wang G, et al. Characterization of a novel bacteriophage Henu2 and evaluation of the synergistic antibacterial activity of phage-antibiotics. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(2):174.
10.3390/antibiotics1002017433572473PMC7916345Loganathan A, Bozdogan B, Manohar P, Nachimuthu R. Phage-antibiotic combinations in various treatment modalities to manage MRSA infections. Front Pharmacol. 2024;15:1356179.
10.3389/fphar.2024.135617938659581PMC11041375Madison CL, Steinert ASJ, Luedeke CE, Hajjafar N, Srivastava P, Berti AD, et al. It takes two to tango: Preserving daptomycin efficacy against daptomycin-resistant MRSA using daptomycin-phage co-therapy. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(12):e0067924.
10.1128/spectrum.00679-2439470283PMC11619598Nikolic I, Vukovic D, Gavric D, Cvetanovic J, Aleksic Sabo V, Gostimirovic S, et al. An optimized checkerboard method for phage-antibiotic synergy detection. Viruses. 2022;14(7):1542.
10.3390/v1407154235891522PMC9319746Valente LG, Federer L, Iten M, Grandgirard D, Leib SL, Jakob SM, et al. Searching for synergy: combining systemic daptomycin treatment with localised phage therapy for the treatment of experimental pneumonia due to MRSA. BMC Res Notes. 2021;14(1):381.
10.1186/s13104-021-05796-134579784PMC8474762Van Nieuwenhuyse B, Galant C, Brichard B, Docquier PL, Djebara S, Pirnay JP, et al. A case of in situ phage therapy against Staphylococcus aureus in a bone allograft polymicrobial biofilm infection: outcomes and phage-antibiotic interactions. Viruses. 2021;13(10):1898.
10.3390/v1310189834696328PMC8539586Wang L, Tkhilaishvili T, Trampuz A, Gonzalez Moreno M. Evaluation of staphylococcal bacteriophage Sb-1 as an adjunctive agent to antibiotics against rifampin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilms. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:602057.
10.3389/fmicb.2020.60205733262752PMC7686474Xiao Z, Xu H, Wang J, Hu X, Huang X, Song S, et al. Isolation and characterization of a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infecting phage and its therapeutic use in mice. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2024;371:fnae072.
10.1093/femsle/fnae07239271451Akturk E, Oliveira H, Santos SB, Costa S, Kuyumcu S, Melo LDR, et al. Synergistic action of phage and antibiotics: parameters to enhance the killing efficacy against mono and dual-species biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel). 2019;8(3):103.
10.3390/antibiotics803010331349628PMC6783858Chang RYK, Das T, Manos J, Kutter E, Morales S, Chan HK. Bacteriophage PEV20 and ciprofloxacin combination treatment enhances removal of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm isolated from cystic fibrosis and wound patients. AAPS J. 2019;21(3):49.
10.1208/s12248-019-0315-030949776PMC6768630Chaudhry WN, Concepción-Acevedo J, Park T, Andleeb S, Bull JJ, Levin BR. Synergy and order effects of antibiotics and phages in killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0168615.
10.1371/journal.pone.016861528076361PMC5226664Davis CM, McCutcheon JG, Dennis JJ. Aztreonam lysine increases the activity of phages E79 and phiKZ against Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA01. Microorganisms. 2021;9(1):152.
10.3390/microorganisms901015233445453PMC7827458De Soir S, Parée H, Kamarudin NHN, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, Braem A, et al. Exploiting phage-antibiotic synergies to disrupt Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms in the context of orthopedic infections. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(1):e0321923.
10.1128/spectrum.03219-2338084971PMC10783084Duplessis C, Warawa JM, Lawrenz MB, Henry M, Biswas B. Successful intratracheal treatment of phage and antibiotic combination therapy of a multi-drug resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa murine model. Antibiotics (Basel). 2021;10(8):946.
10.3390/antibiotics1008094634438996PMC8388862Holger DJ, El Ghali A, Bhutani N, Lev KL, Stamper K, Kebriaei R, et al. Phage-antibiotic combinations against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa in in vitro static and dynamic biofilm models. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2023;67(11):e0057823.
10.1128/aac.00578-2337855639PMC10648846Holger DJ, Lev KL, Kebriaei R, Morrisette T, Shah R, Alexander J, et al. Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy for multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa: in vitro synergy testing. J Appl Microbiol. 2022;133(3):1636-1649.
10.1111/jam.1564735652690Lin Y, Chang RYK, Britton WJ, Morales S, Kutter E, Li J, Chan HK. Inhalable combination powder formulations of phage and ciprofloxacin for P. aeruginosa respiratory infections. Eur J Pharm Biopharm. 2019;142:543-552.
10.1016/j.ejpb.2019.08.00431398437PMC6750719Lin Y, Chang RYK, Britton WJ, Morales S, Kutter E, Chan HK. Synergy of nebulized phage PEV20 and ciprofloxacin combination against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Int J Pharm. 2018;551(1-2):158-165.
10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.02430223075PMC6174101Manohar P, Loh B, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. Phage-antibiotic combinations to control Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Candida two-species biofilms. Sci Rep. 2024;14(1):9354.
10.1038/s41598-024-59444-238653744PMC11039464Menon ND, Kumar MS, Satheesh Babu TG, Bose S, Vijayakumar G, Baswe M, et al. A novel N4-like bacteriophage isolated from a wastewater source in South India with activity against several multidrug-resistant clinical Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates. mSphere. 2021;6(1):e01215-20.
10.1128/mSphere.01215-2033441405PMC7845610Moulton-Brown CE, Friman VP. Rapid evolution of generalized resistance mechanisms can constrain the efficacy of phage-antibiotic treatments. Evol Appl. 2018;11(9):1630-1641.
10.1111/eva.1265330344632PMC6183449Nicholls P, Clark JR, Gu Liu C, Terwilliger A, Maresso AW. Class-driven synergy and antagonism between a Pseudomonas phage and antibiotics. Infect Immun. 2023;91(8):e0006523.
10.1128/iai.00065-2337404162PMC10429645Uchiyama J, Shigehisa R, Nasukawa T, Mizukami K, Takemura-Uchiyama I, Ujihara T, et al. Piperacillin and ceftazidime produce the strongest synergistic phage-antibiotic effect in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Arch Virol. 2018;163(7):1941-1948.
10.1007/s00705-018-3811-029550930Van Nieuwenhuyse B, Van der Linden D, Chatzis O, Lood C, Wagemans J, Lavigne R, et al. Bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy against extensively drug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection to allow liver transplantation in a toddler. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):5725.
10.1038/s41467-022-33294-w36175406PMC9523064Khong E, Oh JJ, Jimenez JM, Liu R, Dunham S, Monsibais A, et al. A simple solid media assay for detection of synergy between bacteriophages and antibiotics. Microbiol Spectr. 2024;12(5):e0322123.
10.1128/spectrum.03221-2338526142PMC11064537Kunz Coyne AJ, Stamper K, El Ghali A, Kebriaei R, Biswas B, Wilson M, et al. Phage-antibiotic cocktail rescues daptomycin and phage susceptibility against daptomycin-nonsusceptible Enterococcus faecium in a simulated endocardial vegetation ex vivo model. Microbiol Spectr. 2023;11(4):e0034023.
10.1128/spectrum.00340-2337338375PMC10433949Kunz Coyne AJ, Stamper K, Kebriaei R, Holger DJ, El Ghali A, Morrisette T, et al. Phage cocktails with daptomycin and ampicillin eradicate biofilm-embedded multidrug-resistant Enterococcus faecium with preserved phage susceptibility. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(9):1175.
10.3390/antibiotics1109117536139953PMC9495159Lev K, Kunz Coyne AJ, Kebriaei R, Morrisette T, Stamper K, Holger DJ, et al. Evaluation of bacteriophage-antibiotic combination therapy for biofilm-embedded MDR Enterococcus faecium. Antibiotics (Basel). 2022;11(3):392.
10.3390/antibiotics1103039235326855PMC8944492Morrisette T, Lev KL, Kebriaei R, Abdul-Mutakabbir JC, Stamper KC, Morales S, et al. Bacteriophage-antibiotic combinations for Enterococcus faecium with varying bacteriophage and daptomycin susceptibilities. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2020;64(9):e00993-20.
10.1128/AAC.00993-2032571816PMC7449186Shlezinger M, Coppenhagen-Glazer S, Gelman D, Beyth N, Hazan R. Eradication of vancomycin-resistant enterococci by combining phage and vancomycin. Viruses. 2019;11(10):954.
10.3390/v1110095431623253PMC6833023Kamal F, Dennis JJ. Burkholderia cepacia complex phage-antibiotic synergy (PAS): antibiotics stimulate lytic phage activity. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2015;81(3):1132-1138.
10.1128/AEM.02850-1425452284PMC4292504Mankovich AG, Maciel K, Kavanaugh M, Kistler E, Muckle E, Weingart CL. Phage-antibiotic synergy reduces Burkholderia cenocepacia population. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):2.
10.1186/s12866-022-02738-036600213PMC9814465Weber L, Jansen M, Krüttgen A, Buhl EM, Horz HP. Tackling intrinsic antibiotic resistance in Serratia marcescens with a combination of ampicillin/sulbactam and phage SALSA. Antibiotics (Basel). 2020;9(7):371.
10.3390/antibiotics907037132630284PMC7400198Manohar P, Madurantakam Royam M, Loh B, Bozdogan B, Nachimuthu R, Leptihn S. Synergistic effects of phage-antibiotic combinations against Citrobacter amalonaticus. ACS Infect Dis. 2022;8(1):59-65.
10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c0011734979073Kalapala YC, Sharma PR, Agarwal R. Antimycobacterial potential of mycobacteriophage under disease-mimicking conditions. Front Microbiol. 2020;11:583661.
10.3389/fmicb.2020.58366133381088PMC7767895Lu H, Li Z, Elbaz A, Ni SQ. Synergistic action of phages and lytic proteins with antibiotics: a combination strategy to target bacteria and biofilms. BMC Microbiol. 2023;23(1):149.
10.1186/s12866-023-02881-237221517PMC10204329Abdelsattar AS, Eita MA, Hammouda ZK, Gouda SM, Hakim TA, Yakoup AY, et al. The lytic activity of bacteriophage ZCSE9 against Salmonella enterica and its synergistic effects with kanamycin. Viruses. 2023;15(4):912.
10.3390/v1504091237112892PMC10142335Gildea L, Ayariga JA, Robertson BK, Villafane R. P22 phage shows promising antibacterial activity under pathophysiological conditions. Arch Microbiol Immunol. 2022;6(1):81-100.
10.26502/ami.9365007835996377PMC9392898Hasan M, Dawan J, Ahn J. Assessment of the potential of phage-antibiotic synergy to induce collateral sensitivity in Salmonella Typhimurium. Microb Pathog. 2023;180:106134.
10.1016/j.micpath.2023.10613437150310Górski A, Międzybrodzki R, Borysowski J. Phage therapy: A practical approach. 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing; 2019.
10.1007/978-3-030-26736-0- Publisher :The Korean Society for Microbiology and The Korean Society of Virology
- Publisher(Ko) :대한미생물학회‧대한바이러스학회
- Journal Title :JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
- Volume : 55
- No :2
- Pages :91-110
- Received Date : 2025-02-20
- Revised Date : 2025-04-23
- Accepted Date : 2025-05-26
- DOI :https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2025.55.2.091


JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY









