All Issue

2025 Vol.55, Issue 4 Preview Page

Original Article

Identification of Potential Gene Determinants Associated with Mouse Infectivity-Related Immune Modulation in Helicobacter pylori
Jong-Hun Ha12
,
Jin-Sik Park1
,
Jeong-Gyu Choi3
,
Jeong-Ih Shin4
,
Seorin Park5
,
Dong-Chul Kim6
,
Hyung-Lyun Kang1
,
Kee Woong Kwon1
,
Seung Chul Baik1
,
Min-Kyoung Shin178
,
Myunghwan Jung17†*
,
Woo-Kon Lee17†*
1Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
2Department of Microbiology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju 26426, Republic of Korea
3Institute of New Frontier Research, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Republic of Korea
4Department of Medical Sciences, Graduate School of The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
5Department of Oncology Immuminy, National Cancer Center, Goyang 10408, Republic of Korea
6Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
7Fastidious Specialized Pathogen Resources Bank, a member of the National Culture Collection for Pathogens, Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
8BK21 Center for Human Resource Development in the Bio-Health Industry, Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea
*mjung@gnu.ac.kr
*wklee@gnu.ac.kr
†These authors equally contributed to this work
31 December 2025. pp. 310-326
PDF XML Citation
Abstract

Mouse-adapted Helicobacterpylori (H. pylori) strains exhibit distinct abilities to colonize the mouse gastric environment, suggesting that strain-specific genetic factors contribute to host adaptation and immune interaction. This study aimed to find genetic determinants associated with mouse infectivity–based strain differences and to characterize their potential roles in immune modulation using in vitro functional assays. Comparative transcriptomic analyses were performed using microarrays to compare a mouse-infectious H. pylori strain (Hp52) with non- mouse-infectious strains (26695 and J99). Candidate genes were screened based on differential expression patterns associated with mouse infectivity phenotypes. Four genes—HPKB0346, HPKB0407 (acetyl-CoA synthetase), HPKB0424, and HPKB1443 (alanine dehydrogenase, ald)—were selected for further investigation based on their increased expression or strain-specific presence in Hp52. Targeted knockout mutants were generated in the Hp52 using a cross-over PCR and natural transformation. To evaluate immunomodulatory effects in vitro, mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) were stimulated with wild-type or mutant strains, and the expression profiles of cytokines and activation markers were quantified by real-time qRT-PCR. Compared with the wild type, all knockout mutants induced significantly reduced expression of IFN-γ and MHC II in BMDCs. Notably, stimulation with the Δald mutant elicited increases in IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-10 expression indicating a distinct immunomodulatory profile. Collectively, these findings suggest that specific genetic factors identified through mouse infectivity–based screening, particularly ald, are associated with the modulation of dendritic cell responses in vitro and may contribute to host adaptation and immune regulation by H. pylori.

Keywords
Helicobacter pylori
Microarray
Cross-over PCR
Knockout
Immune response
Alanine dehydrogenase (ald)
References
1

Bury-Mone S, Kaakoush NO, Asencio C, Me´graud F, Thibonnier M, De Reuse H, et al. Is Helicobacter pylori a True Microaerophile? Helicobacter. 2006;11(4):296-303.

10.1111/j.1523-5378.2006.00413.x
2

Rhee KH, Park JS, Cho MJ. Helicobacter pylori: bacterial strategy for incipient stage and persistent colonization in human gastric niches. Yonsei Med J. 2014;55(6):1453-1466.

10.3349/ymj.2014.55.6.145325323880PMC4205683
3

Öztekin M, Yılmaz B, Ağagündüz D, Capasso R. Overview of Helicobacter pylori Infection: Clinical Features, Treatment, and Nutritional Aspects. Diseases. 2021;9(4):66.

10.3390/diseases904006634698140PMC8544542
4

Sun Q, Yuan C, Zhou S, Lu J, Zeng M, Cai X, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection: a dynamic process from diagnosis to treatment. Front Cell Infect Microbiol. 2023;13:1257817.

10.3389/fcimb.2023.125781737928189PMC10621068
5

Ranjbar R, Behzadi P, Farshad S. Advances in diagnosis and treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Acta Microbiol Immunol Hung. 2017;64(3):273-292.

10.1556/030.64.2017.008
6

Alzahrani S, Lina TT, Gonalez J, Pinchuk IV, Beswick EJ, Reyes VE. Effect of Helicobacter pylori on gastric epithelial cells. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(36):12767-12780.

10.3748/wjg.v20.i36.1276725278677PMC4177462
7

Percival SL, Suleman L. Biofilms and Helicobacter pylori: Dissemination and persistence within the environment and host. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;5(3):122-132.

10.4291/wjgp.v5.i3.12225133015PMC4133512
8

Dunn BE, Phadnis SH. Structure, Function and Localization of Helicobacter pylori Urease. Yale J Biol Med. 1998;71(2):63-73.

9

Pérez-Pérez GI, Gower CB, Blaser MJ. Effects of Cations on Helicobacter pylori Urease Activity, Release, and Stability. Infect Immun. 1994;62(1):299-302.

10.1128/iai.62.1.299-302.19948262643PMC186100
10

Shaalan H, Azrad M, Peretz A. The effect of three urease inhibitors on H. pylori viability, urease activity and urease gene expression. Front Microbiol. 2024;15:1464484.

10.3389/fmicb.2024.146448439619692PMC11604635
11

O’Toole PW, Lane MC, Porwollik S. Helicobacter pylori motility. Microbes Infect. 2000;2(10):1207-1214.

10.1016/S1286-4579(00)01274-0
12

Gu H. Role of Flagella in the Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori. Curr Microbiol. 2017;74(7):863-869.

10.1007/s00284-017-1256-428444418PMC5447363
13

Nakajima K, Inatsu S, Mizote T, Nagata Y, Aoyama K, Fukuda Y, et al. Possible involvement of putA gene in Helicobacter pylori colonization in the stomach and motility. Biomed Res. 2008;29(1):9-18.

10.2220/biomedres.29.9
14

Bury-Moné S, Skouloubris S, Labigne A, De Reuse H. The Helicobacter pylori UreI protein: role in adaptation to acidity and identification of residues essential for its activity and for acid activation. Mole Microbiol. 2001;42(4):1021-1034.

10.1046/j.1365-2958.2001.02689.x
15

Olivera-Severo D, Wassermann GE, Carlini CR. Ureases display biological effects independent of enzymatic activity. Is there a connection to diseases caused by urease-producing bacteria? Braz J Med Biol Res. 2006;39(7):851-861.

10.1590/S0100-879X2006000700002
16

Malfertheiner P, Camargo MC, El-Omar E, Liou JM, Peek R, Schulz C, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2024;9(1):19.

10.1038/s41572-023-00431-837081005PMC11558793
17

Graham DY. History of Helicobacter pylori, duodenal ulcer, gastric ulcer and gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(18):5191-5204.

10.3748/wjg.v20.i18.519124833849PMC4017034
18

Kucukazman M, Yeniova O, Dal K, Yavuz B. Helicobacter pylori and cardiovascular disease. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2015;19(19):3731-3741.

19

Sachs G, Wen Y, Scott DR. Gastric Infection by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Gastroenterol Rep. 2009;11(6):455-461.

10.1007/s11894-009-0070-y19903421PMC4492511
20

Blosse A, Lehours P, Wilson KT, Gobert AP. Helicobacter: Inflammation, immunology, and vaccines. Helicobacter. 2018;23(1):e12517.

10.1111/hel.1251730277626PMC6310010
21

Jang AR, Kang MJ, Shin JI, Kwon SW, Park JY, Ahn JH, et al. Unveiling the Crucial Role of Type IV Secretion System and Motility of Helicobacter pylori in IL-1β Production via NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation in Neutrophils. Front Immunol. 2020;11:1121.

10.3389/fimmu.2020.0112132582201PMC7295951
22

Larussa T, Leone I, Suraci E, Imeneo M, Luzza F. Helicobacter pylori and T Helper Cells: Mechanisms of Immune Escape and Tolerance. J Immunol Res. 2015;2015:981328.

10.1155/2015/98132826525279PMC4615206
23

Dixon BREA, Hossain R, Patel RV, Algood HMS. Th17 Cells in Helicobacter pylori Infection: a Dichotomy of Help and Harm. Infect Immun. 2019;87(11):e00363-19.

10.1128/IAI.00363-1931427446PMC6803329
24

Wang YH, Govel JP, Chu YT, Wu JJ, Lei HY. Helicobacter pylori Impairs Murine Dendritic Cell Responses to Infection. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(5):e10844.

10.1371/journal.pone.001084420523725PMC2877707
25

Salavati S, Ahmadi Hedayati M, Ahmadi A, Fakhari S, Jalili A. Relationship between Helicobacter pyloricagA Genotypes Infection and IL‑10 and TGFβ1 Genes’ Expression in Gastric Epithelial Cells. Int J Prev Med. 2020;11:20.

10.4103/ijpvm.IJPVM_536_1832175060PMC7050228
26

Orertli M, Müller A. Helicobacter pylori targets dendritic cells to induce immune tolerance, promote persistence and confer protection against allergic asthma. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(6):566-571.

10.4161/gmic.2175022895083PMC3495795
27

Maleki Kakelar H, Barzegari A, Dehghani J, Hanifian S, Saeedi N, Barar J, et al. Pathogenicity of Helicobacter pylori in cancer development and impacts of vaccination. Gastric Cancer. 2019;22(1):23-36.

10.1007/s10120-018-0867-1
28

Ogura K, Maeda S, Nakao M, Watanabe T, Tada M, Kyutoku T, et al. Virulence Factors of Helicobacter pylori Responsible for Gastric Diseases in Mongolian Gerbil. J Exp Med. 192(11):1601-1609.

10.1084/jem.192.11.160111104802PMC2193104
29

Chen D, Stenstrom B, Zhao CM, Wadstrom T. Does Helicobacter pylori infection per se cause gastric cancer or duodenal ulcer? Inadequate evidence in Mongolian gerbils and inbred mice. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2007;50(2):184-189.

10.1111/j.1574-695X.2007.00249.x
30

Taylor NS, Fox JG. Animal Models of Helicobacter-Induced Disease: Methods to Successfully Infect the Mouse. Methods Mol Biol. 2012;921:131-142.

10.1007/978-1-62703-005-2_1823015501PMC3545442
31

Thompson LJ, Danon SJ, Wilson JE, O’Rourke JL, Salama NR, Falkow S, et al. Chronic Helicobacter pylori Infection with Sydney Strain 1 and a Newly Identified Mouse-Adapted Strain (Sydney Strain 2000) in C57BL/6 and BALB/c Mice. Infect Immun. 2004;72(8):4668-4679.

10.1128/IAI.72.8.4668-4679.200415271928PMC470698
32

Akada JK, Ogura K, Dailidiene D, Dailide G, Cheverud JM, Berg DE. Helicobacter pylori tissue tropism: mouse-colonizing strains can target different gastric niches. Microbiology. 2003;149(pt 7):1901-1909.

10.1099/mic.0.26129-0
33

Lee KJ, Kim BR, Cho YA, Song YG, Song JY, Lee KH, et al. Comparison of Proteome Components of Helicobacter pylori Before and After Mouse Passage. J Bacteriol Virol. 2011;41(4):267-278.

10.4167/jbv.2011.41.4.267
34

Faghri J, Poursina F, Moghim S, Zarkesh Esfahani H, Nasr Esfahani B, Fazeli H, et al. Morphological and Bactericidal Effects of Different Antibiotics on Helicobacter pylori. Jundishapur J Microbiol. 2014;7(1):e8704.

10.5812/jjm.870425147656PMC4138673
35

Woo J, Bang CS, Lee JJ, Ahn JY, Kim JM, Jung HY, et al. In Vitro Susceptibility and Synergistic Effect of Bismuth Against Helicobacter pylori. Antibiotics(Basel). 2024;13(11):1004.

10.3390/antibiotics1311100439596699PMC11591412
36

Gorrell RJ, Yang J, Kusters JG, van Vliet AH, Robins-Browne RM. Restriction of DNA encoding selectable markers decreases the transformation efficiency of Helicobacter pylori. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol. 2005;44(2):213-219.

10.1016/j.femsim.2004.10.019
37

Ando T, Xu Q, Torres M, Kusugami K, Israel DA, Blaser MJ. Restriction-modification system differences in Helicobacter pylori are a barrier to interstrain plasmid transfer. Mol Microbiol. 2000;37(5):1052-1065.

10.1046/j.1365-2958.2000.02049.x
38

Moore ME, Lam A, Bhatnagar S, Solnick JV. Environmental Determinants of Transformation Efficiency in Helicobacter pylori. J Bacteriol. 2014;196(2):337-344.

10.1128/JB.00633-1324187089PMC3911246
39

Joo JS, Park KC, Song JY, Kim DH, Lee KJ, Kwon YC, et al. A Thin-Layer Liquid Culture Technique for the Growth of Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter. 2010;15(4):295-302.

10.1111/j.1523-5378.2010.00767.x
40

Shibayama K, Nagasawa M, Ando T, Minami M, Wachino J, Suzuki S, et al. Usefulness of Adult Bovine Serum for Helicobacter pylori Culture Media. J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44(11): 4255-4257.

10.1128/JCM.00477-0616957036PMC1698367
41

Morshed MG, Karita M, Konishi H, Okita K, Nakazawa T. Growth Medium Containing Cyclodextrin and Low Concentration of Horse Serum for Cultivation of Helicobacter pylori. Microbiol Immunol. 1994;38(11):897-900.

10.1111/j.1348-0421.1994.tb02143.x
42

Jiang X, Doyle MP. Growth Supplements for Helicobacter pylori. J Clin Microbiol. 2000;38(5):1984-1987.

10.1128/JCM.38.5.1984-1987.2000
43

Lagier JC, Edouard S, Pagnier I, Mediannilkov O, Drancourt M, Raoult D. Current and Past Strategies for Bacterial Culture in Clinical Microbiology. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28(1):208-236.

10.1128/CMR.00110-1425567228PMC4284306
44

Sheu SM, Cheng H, Kao CY, Yang YJ, Wu JJ, Sheu BS. Higher glucose level can enhance the H. pylori adhesion and virulence related with type IV secretion system in AGS cells. J Biomed Sci. 2014;21(1):96.

10.1186/s12929-014-0096-925296847PMC4196111
45

Gancz H, Jones KR, Merrell DS. Sodium Chloride Affects Helicobacter pylori Growth and Gene Expression. J Bacteriol. 2008;190(11):4100-4105.

10.1128/JB.01728-0718375562PMC2395038
46

Dunne C, Dolan B, Clyne M. Factors that mediate colonization of the human stomach by Helicobacter pylori. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(19):5610-5624.

10.3748/wjg.v20.i19.561024914320PMC4024769
47

Scott D, Weeks D, Melchers K, Sachs G. The life and death of Helicobacter pylori. Gut 1998;43(Suppl 1):S56-S60.

10.1136/gut.43.2008.S56
48

Nitharwal RG, Verma V, Dasgupta S, Dhar SK. Helicobacter pylori chromosomal DNA replication: Current status and future perspectives. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(1):7-17.

10.1016/j.febslet.2010.11.018
49

Kim MJ, Kim KM, Shin JI, Ha JH, Lee DH, Choi JG, et al. Identification of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Patients with Pulmonary Diseases in Gyeongnam, Korea, Using Multiplex PCR and Multigene Sequence-Based Analysis. Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2021;2021:8844306.

10.1155/2021/884430633688383PMC7920741
50

Franzblau SG, DeGroote MA, Cho SH, Andries K, Nuermberger E, Orme IM, et al. Comprehensive analysis of methods used for the evaluation of compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis(Edinb). 2012;92(6):453-488.

10.1016/j.tube.2012.07.003
51

Hatakeyama M. Helicobacter pylori CagA and Gastric Cancer: A Paradigm for Hit-and-Run Carcinogenesis. Cell Host Microbe. 2014;15(3):306-316.

10.1016/j.chom.2014.02.008
52

Nilsson C, Sillén A, Eriksson L, Strand ML, Enroth H, Normark S, et al. Correlation between cag Pathogenicity Island Composition and Helicobacter pylori-Associated Gastroduodenal Disease. Infect Immun. 2003;71(11):6573-6581.

10.1128/IAI.71.11.6573-6581.200314573679PMC219608
53

Terry CE, McGinnis LM, Madigan KC, Cao P, Cover TL, Liechti GW, et al. Genomic Comparison of cag Pathogenicity Island (PAI)-Positive and-Negative Helicobacter pylori Strains: Identification of Novel Markers for cag PAI-Positive Strains. Infect Immun. 2005;73(6):3794-3798.

10.1128/IAI.73.6.3794-3798.200515908415PMC1111835
54

Fischer W. Assembly and molecular mode of action of the Helicobacter pylori Cag type IV secretion apparatus. FEBS J. 2011;278(8):1203-1212.

10.1111/j.1742-4658.2011.08036.x
55

Takahashi-Kanemitsu A, Knight CT, Hatakeyama M. Molecular anatomy and pathogenic actions of Helicobacter pylori CagA that underpin gastric carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Immunol. 2020;17(1):50-63.

10.1038/s41423-019-0339-531804619PMC6952403
56

Senkovich OA, Yin J, Ekshyyan V, Conant C, Traylor J, Adegboyega P, et al. Helicobacter pylori AlpA and AlpB Bind Host Laminin and Influence Gastric Inflammation in Gerbils. Infect Immun. 2011;79(8):3106-3116.

10.1128/IAI.01275-1021576328PMC3147585
57

Bartpho TS, Wattanawongdon W, Tongtawee T, Paoin C, Kangwantas K, Dechsukhum C. Precancerous Gastric Lesions with Helicobacter pylorivacA+/babA2+/oipA+ Genotype Increase the Risk of Gastric Cancer. BioMed Res Int. 2020;2020:7243029.

10.1155/2020/724302932149129PMC7049835
58

Lee DH, Ha JH, Shin JI, Kim KM, Choi JG, Park S, et al. Increased Risk of Severe Gastric Symptoms by Virulence Factors vacAs1c, alpA, babA2, and hopZ in Helicobacter pylori Infection. J Microbiol Biotechnol. 2021;31(3):368-379.

59

Ikeda Y, Yamamoto J, Okamura M, Fujino T, Takahashi S, Takeuchi K, et al. Transcriptional Regulation of the Murine Acetyl-CoA Synthetase 1 Gene through Multiple Clustered Binding Sites for Sterol Regulatory Element-binding Proteins and a Single Neighboring Site for Sp1. J Biol Chem. 2001;276(36):34259-34269.

10.1074/jbc.M103848200
60

Schwer B, Bunkenborg J, Verdin RO, Andersen JS, Verdin E. Reversible lysine acetylation controls the activity of the mitochondrial enzyme acetyl-CoA synthetase 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103(27):10224-10229.

10.1073/pnas.060396810316788062PMC1502439
61

Burns BP, Hazell SL, Mendz GL. Acetyl-CoA carboxylase activity in Helicobacter pylori and the requirement of increased CO2 for growth. Microbiology(Reading). 1995;141 ( Pt 12):3113-3118.

10.1099/13500872-141-12-3113
62

Gu P, Ma Q, Zhao S, Li Q, Gao J. Alanine dehydrogenases from four different microorganisms: characterization and their application in L-alanine production. Baotechnol Biofuels Bioprod.2023;16(1):123.

10.1186/s13068-023-02373-537537629PMC10401832
63

Siranosian KJ, Ireton K, Grossman AD. Alanine Dehydrogenase (ald) Is Required for Normal Sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol. 1993;175(21):6789-6796.

10.1128/jb.175.21.6789-6796.19938226620PMC206802
64

Tripathi SM, Ramachandran R. Crystal structures of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis secretory antigen alanine dehydrogenase (Rv2780) in apo and ternary complex forms captures ‘‘open’’ and ‘‘closed’’ enzyme conformations. Proteins. 2008;72(3):1089-1095.

10.1002/prot.22101
65

Betts JC, Lukey PT, Robb LC, McAdam RA, Duncan K. Evaluation of a nutrient starvation model of Mycobacterium tuberculosis persistence by gene and protein expression profiling. Mole Microbiol. 2002;43(3):717-731.

10.1046/j.1365-2958.2002.02779.x
66

Hasan S, Daugelat S, Rao PS, Schreiber M. Prioritizing Genomic Drug Targets in Pathogens: Application to Mycobacterium tuberculosis. PLos Comput Biol. 2006;2(6):e61.

10.1371/journal.pcbi.002006116789813PMC1475714
67

Fehling M, Drobbe L, Moos V, Renner Viveros P, Hagen J, Beigier-Bompadre M, et al. Comparative Analysis of the Interaction of Helicobacter pylori with Human Dendritic Cells, Macrophages, and Monocytes. Infect Immun. 2012;80(8):2724-2734.

10.1128/IAI.00381-1222615251PMC3434561
68

Rahman F. Characterizing the immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis: a comprehensive narrative review and implications in disease relapse. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1437901.

10.3389/fimmu.2024.143790139650648PMC11620876
69

Murphey ED, Fang G, Varma TK, Sherwood ER. Improved bacterial clearance and decreased mortality can be induced by LPS tolerance and is not dependent upon IFN-γ. SHOCK 2007;27(3):289-295.

10.1097/01.shk.0000245024.93740.28
70

Bao S, Beagley KW, France MP, Shen J, Husband AJ. Interferon-γ plays a critical role in intestinal immunity against Salmonella typhimurium infection. Immunology. 2000;99(3):464-472.

10.1046/j.1365-2567.2000.00955.x10712678PMC2327174
71

Sayi A, Kohler E, Hitzler I, Arnold I, Schwendener R, Rehrauer H, et al. The CD4+ T Cell-Mediated IFN-γ Response to Helicobacter Infection Is Essential for Clearance and Determines Gastric Cancer Risk. J Immunol. 2009;182(11):7085-7101.

10.4049/jimmunol.0803293
72

Kao JY, Zhang M, Miller MJ, Mills JC, Wang B, Liu M, et al. Helicobacter pylori immune escape is mediated by dendritic cell-induced Treg skewing and Th17 suppression in mice. Gastroenterology. 2010;138(3):1046-1054.

10.1053/j.gastro.2009.11.04319931266PMC2831148
73

Serlli-Lee V, Ling KL, Ho C, Yeong LH, Lim GK, Ho B, et al. Persistent Helicobacter pylori Specific Th17 Responses in Patients with Past H. pylori Infection Are Associated with Elevated Gastric Mucosal IL-1β. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(6):e39199.

10.1371/journal.pone.003919922761739PMC3382622
74

Nakase H, Sato N, Mizuno N, Ikawa Y. The influence of cytokines on the complex pathology of ulcerative colitis. Autoimmun Rev. 2022;21(3):103017.

10.1016/j.autrev.2021.103017
75

Guglani L, Khader SA. Th17 cytokines in mucosal immunity and inflammation. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2010;5(2):120-127.

10.1097/COH.0b013e328335c2f620543588PMC2892849
76

Mills EL, Kelly B, O’Neill LAJ. Mitochondria are the powerhouses of immunity. Nat Immunol. 2017;18(5):488-498.

10.1038/ni.3704
77

Kawai T, Akira S.Signaling to NF-kB by Toll-like receptors. Trends Mol Med. 2007;13(11):460-469.

10.1016/j.molmed.2007.09.002
78

Hosseinkhani F, Heinken A, Thiele I, Lindenburg PW, Harms AC, Hankemeier T. The contribution of gut bacterial metabolites in the human immune signaling pathway of non-communicable diseases. Gut Microbes. 2021;13(1):1-22.

10.1080/19490976.2021.188292733590776PMC7899087
79

Gasaly N, Vos P, Hermoso MA. Impact of Bacterial Metabolites on Gut Barrier Function and Host Immunity: A Focus on Bacterial Metabolism and Its Relevance for Intestinal Inflammation. Front Immunol. 2021;12:658354.

10.3389/fimmu.2021.65835434122415PMC8187770
80

Nikaein N, Tuerxun K, Cedersund G, Eklund D, Kruse R, Särndahl E, et al. Mathematical models disentangle the role of IL-10 feedbacks in human monocytes upon proinflammatory activation. J Biol Chem. 2023;299(10):105205.

10.1016/j.jbc.2023.10520537660912PMC10556785
81

Fucikova J, Palova-Jelinkova L, Bartunkova J, Spisek R. Induction of Tolerance and Immunity by Dendritic Cells: Mechanisms and Clinical Applications. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2393.

10.3389/fimmu.2019.0239331736936PMC6830192
Information
  • Publisher :The Korean Society for Microbiology and The Korean Society of Virology
  • Publisher(Ko) :대한미생물학회‧대한바이러스학회
  • Journal Title :JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
  • Volume : 55
  • No :4
  • Pages :310-326
  • Received Date : 2025-12-10
  • Revised Date : 2025-12-27
  • Accepted Date : 2025-12-29
  • DOI :https://doi.org/10.4167/jbv.2025.55.4.310
Journal Informaiton JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY JOURNAL OF BACTERIOLOGY AND VIROLOGY
  • NRF
  • 임플란트학회 전용 배너
  • KOFST
  • crossref crossmark
  • crossref cited-by
  • crossref funder-registry
  • crosscheck
  • orcid
  • open access
  • ccl
Journal Informaiton Journal Informaiton - close